![]() ![]() In the following example, two different ideas from two different pages are cited within the same sentence. A single parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence would not be sufficient here, as it would not be absolutely clear which information came from which page. Such placement is not always possible, however, without abandoning the precision of a citation. Such placement is ideal because it does not substantially disrupt the flow of reading. Textual flow: Most parenthetical citations appear at the end of a sentence. In De Oratore, Cicero says that rhetoric-when not joined by philosophy-is "an empty and ridiculous swirl of verbiage" (202).Ĭicero argues that the art of rhetoric, unless reunited with the discipline of philosophy, provides little more than "an empty and ridiculous swirl of verbiage" (202). Rhetoric without philosophy, according to Cicero, is but "an empty and ridiculous swirl of verbiage" (202). Note that p age numbers are still indicated in parenthesis. The examples below show three different ways that an author's name might be integrated into the body of a sentence. Specifically, if an author is mentioned in the body of a sentence, his or her name does not need to be repeated in a parenthetical citation, for it is already clear from what source the borrowed material originates. Textual integration: Keep in mind that there is always some interplay between the text of a sentence and and its parenthetical citation. In this case, readers will locate Cicero's name in the alphabetical list of works cited at the end of the paper. B ecause the first component of a parenthetical citation corresponds to a reference entry, readers can easily locate the publication information for the source. The parenthetical citation in the example above indicates that the quotation comes from page 202 of a work by Cicero. The first component is usually the author's last name t he second is usually a page number. It allows readers to move from an in-text citation to a corresponding reference entry, where the source's publication information resides. The first component mirrors the start of a source's entry on the works cited page. A typical in-text citation has two components. ![]()
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